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Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban =... Jan 2023( ) is a common periodontal pathogen. Recently, there has been increasing evidence suggesting that is not only a common pathogen in the oral cavity, but is also... (Review)
Review
( ) is a common periodontal pathogen. Recently, there has been increasing evidence suggesting that is not only a common pathogen in the oral cavity, but is also closely associated with non-oral diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, premature birth and non-alcoholic hepatitis, etc. Herein, we reviewed the developments in recent years in research on the relationship between , a periodontal pathogen, and non-oral diseases, which will help determine whether could be used as an auxiliary diagnostic biomarker or a potential therapeutic target for these non-oral diseases, thus contributing to the development of treatment strategies for the relevant diseases.
Topics: Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Arthritis, Rheumatoid
PubMed: 36647638
DOI: 10.12182/20230160509 -
Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi. Japanese... 2015The oral cavity is inhabited by more than 600 bacterial species; these species compete for nutrients or coexist in order to survive along with the indigenous population.... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity is inhabited by more than 600 bacterial species; these species compete for nutrients or coexist in order to survive along with the indigenous population. Extreme conditions are prevalent in the oral cavity, and these conditions are influenced by our immunity and variations in nutrition, temperature, and pH. Pathogens that cause dental caries or periodontal disease can survive in these extreme environments; these pathogens are virulent and can cause several diseases. Therefore, research on oral bacteriology is warranted to analyze the virulence factors of these bacteria as well as to ascertain environmental stress responses, interactions between bacteria and human immunity, comparisons of bacterial genomes, and oral microflora. In this review, we provide new data in the fields of bacteriology, immunology, and genomics and describe recent advances in the field of oral bacteriology.
Topics: Bacteriology; Dental Caries; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 26028214
DOI: 10.3412/jsb.70.333 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2008The capacity of certain pathogens to exploit innate immune receptors enables them to undermine immune clearance and persist in their host, often causing disease. Here we... (Review)
Review
The capacity of certain pathogens to exploit innate immune receptors enables them to undermine immune clearance and persist in their host, often causing disease. Here we review subversive interactions of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major periodontal pathogen, with the complement receptor-3 (CR3; CD11b/CD18) in monocytes/macrophages. Through its cell surface fimbriae, P. gingivalis stimulates Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) inside-out signaling which induces the high-affinity conformation of CR3. Although this activates CR3-dependent monocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration, P. gingivalis has co-opted this TLR2 proadhesive pathway for CR3 binding and intracellular entry. In CR3-deficient macrophages, the internalization of P. gingivalis is reduced twofold but its ability to survive intracellularly is reduced 1,000-fold, indicating that CR3 is exploited by the pathogen as a relatively safe portal of entry. The interaction of P. gingivalis fimbriae with CR3 additionally inhibits production of bioactive (p70) interleukin-12, which mediates immune clearance. In vivo blockade of CR3 leads to reduced persistence of P. gingivalis in the mouse host and diminished ability to cause periodontal bone loss, the hallmark of periodontal disease. Strikingly, the ability of P. gingivalis to interact with and exploit CR3 depends upon quantitatively minor components (FimCDE) of its fimbrial structure, which predominantly consists of polymerized fimbrillin (FimA). Indeed, isogenic mutants lacking FimCDE but expressing FimA are dramatically less persistent and virulent than the wildtype organism both in vitro and in vivo. This model of immune evasion through CR3 exploitation by P. gingivalis supports the concept that pathogens evolved to manipulate innate immune function for promoting their adaptive fitness.
Topics: Animals; Fimbriae, Bacterial; Immunity, Innate; Macrophage-1 Antigen; Mice; Models, Immunological; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Virulence
PubMed: 19025124
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78952-1_15 -
The Type IX Secretion System (T9SS): Highlights and Recent Insights into Its Structure and Function.Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2017Protein secretion systems are vital for prokaryotic life, as they enable bacteria to acquire nutrients, communicate with other species, defend against biological and... (Review)
Review
Protein secretion systems are vital for prokaryotic life, as they enable bacteria to acquire nutrients, communicate with other species, defend against biological and chemical agents, and facilitate disease through the delivery of virulence factors. In this review, we will focus on the recently discovered type IX secretion system (T9SS), a complex translocon found only in some species of the phylum. T9SS plays two roles, depending on the lifestyle of the bacteria. It provides either a means of movement (called gliding motility) for peace-loving environmental bacteria or a weapon for pathogens. The best-studied members of these two groups are , a commensal microorganism often found in water and soil, and , a human oral pathogen that is a major causative agent of periodontitis. In and some other periodontopathogens, T9SS translocates proteins, especially virulence factors, across the outer membrane (OM). Proteins destined for secretion bear a conserved C-terminal domain (CTD) that directs the cargo to the OM translocon. At least 18 proteins are involved in this still enigmatic process, with some engaged in the post-translational modification of T9SS cargo proteins. Upon translocation across the OM, the CTD is removed by a protease with sortase-like activity and an anionic LPS is attached to the newly formed C-terminus. As a result, a cargo protein could be secreted into the extracellular milieu or covalently attached to the bacterial surface. T9SS is regulated by a two-component system; however, the precise environmental signal that triggers it has not been identified. Exploring unknown systems contributing to bacterial virulence is exciting, as it may eventually lead to new therapeutic strategies. During the past decade, the major components of T9SS were identified, as well as hints suggesting the possible mechanism of action. In addition, the list of characterized cargo proteins is constantly growing. The actual structure of the translocon, situated in the OM of bacteria, remains the least explored area; however, new technical approaches and increasing scientific attention have resulted in a growing body of data. Therefore, we present a compact up-to-date review of this topic.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Secretion Systems; Bacteroidetes; Flavobacterium; Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Protein Transport; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 28603700
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00215 -
Molecular Oral Microbiology Jun 2013Porphyromonas gingivalis, a black-pigmented, gram-negative anaerobe, is an important etiological agent of periodontal disease. Its ability to survive in the periodontal... (Review)
Review
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a black-pigmented, gram-negative anaerobe, is an important etiological agent of periodontal disease. Its ability to survive in the periodontal pocket and orchestrate the microbial/host activities that can lead to disease suggest that P. gingivalis possesses a complex regulatory network involving transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. The vimA (virulence modulating) gene is part of the 6.15-kb bcp-recA-vimA-vimE-vimF-aroG locus and plays a role in oxidative stress resistance. In addition to the glycosylation and anchorage of several surface proteins including the gingipains, VimA can also modulate sialylation, acetyl coenzyme A transfer, lipid A and its associated proteins and may be involved in protein sorting and transport. In this review, we examine the multifunctional role of VimA and discuss its possible involvement in a major regulatory network important for survival and virulence regulation in P. gingivalis. It is postulated that the multifunction of VimA is modulated via a post-translational mechanism involving acetylation.
Topics: Acetylation; Adhesins, Bacterial; Bacterial Adhesion; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Genes, Bacterial; Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases; Oxidative Stress; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Virulence
PubMed: 23279905
DOI: 10.1111/omi.12017 -
Future Microbiology May 2013Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium that colonizes the human oral cavity. It is implicated in the development of periodontitis, a chronic... (Review)
Review
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium that colonizes the human oral cavity. It is implicated in the development of periodontitis, a chronic periodontal disease affecting half of the adult population in the USA. To survive in the oral cavity, these bacteria must colonize dental plaque biofilms in competition with other bacterial species. Long-term survival requires P. gingivalis to evade host immune responses, while simultaneously adapting to the changing physiology of the host and to alterations in the plaque biofilm. In reflection of this highly variable niche, P. gingivalis is a genetically diverse species and in this review the authors summarize genetic diversity as it relates to pathogenicity in P. gingivalis. Recent studies revealing a variety of mechanisms by which adaptive changes in genetic content can occur are also reviewed. Understanding the genetic plasticity of P. gingivalis will provide a better framework for understanding the host-microbe interactions associated with periodontal disease.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Genetic Variation; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Mouth; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Virulence
PubMed: 23642116
DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.30 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2021The non-enzymatic addition of glucose (glycation) to circulatory and tissue proteins is a ubiquitous pathophysiological consequence of hyperglycemia in diabetes. Given...
The non-enzymatic addition of glucose (glycation) to circulatory and tissue proteins is a ubiquitous pathophysiological consequence of hyperglycemia in diabetes. Given the high incidence of periodontitis and diabetes and the emerging link between these conditions, it is of crucial importance to define the basic virulence mechanisms employed by periodontopathogens such as in mediating the disease process. The aim of this study was to determine whether glycated proteins are more easily utilized by to stimulate growth and promote the pathogenic potential of this bacterium. We analyzed the properties of three commonly encountered proteins in the periodontal environment that are known to become glycated and that may serve as either protein substrates or easily accessible heme sources. In vitro glycated proteins were characterized using colorimetric assays, mass spectrometry, far- and near-UV circular dichroism and UV-visible spectroscopic analyses and SDS-PAGE. The interaction of glycated hemoglobin, serum albumin and type one collagen with cells or HmuY protein was examined using spectroscopic methods, SDS-PAGE and co-culturing with human keratinocytes. We found that glycation increases the ability of to acquire heme from hemoglobin, mostly due to heme sequestration by the HmuY hemophore-like protein. We also found an increase in biofilm formation on glycated collagen-coated abiotic surfaces. We conclude that glycation might promote the virulence of by making heme more available from hemoglobin and facilitating bacterial biofilm formation, thus increasing pathogenic potential in vivo.
Topics: Animals; Bacteroidaceae Infections; Diabetes Complications; Erythrocytes; Glycosylation; Heme; Hemeproteins; Hemoglobins; Horses; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 34769513
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112084 -
Molecular Oral Microbiology Aug 2023Porphyromonas gingivalis, the causative agent of adult periodontitis, must gain resistance to frequent oxidative and nitric oxide (NO) stress attacks from immune cells...
Porphyromonas gingivalis, the causative agent of adult periodontitis, must gain resistance to frequent oxidative and nitric oxide (NO) stress attacks from immune cells in the periodontal pocket to survive. Previously, we found that, in the wild-type and under NO stress, the expression of PG1237 (CdhR), the gene encoding for a putative LuxR transcriptional regulator previously called community development and hemin regulator (CdhR), was upregulated 7.7-fold, and its adjacent gene PG1236 11.9-fold. Isogenic mutants P. gingivalis FLL457 (ΔCdhR::ermF), FLL458 (ΔPG1236::ermF), and FLL459 (ΔPG1236-CdhR::ermF) were made by allelic exchange mutagenesis to determine the involvement of these genes in P. gingivalis W83 NO stress resistance. The mutants were black pigmented and β hemolytic and their gingipain activities varied with strains. FLL457 and FLL459 mutants were more sensitive to NO compared to the wild type, and complementation restored NO sensitivity to that of the wild type. DNA microarray analysis of FLL457 showed that approximately 2% of the genes were upregulated and over 1% of the genes downregulated under NO stress conditions compared to the wild type. Transcriptome analysis of FLL458 and FLL459 under NO stress showed differences in their modulation patterns. Some similarities were also noticed between all mutants. The PG1236-CdhR gene cluster revealed increased expression under NO stress and may be part of the same transcriptional unit. Recombinant CdhR showed binding activity to the predicted promoter regions of PG1459 and PG0495. Taken together, the data indicate that CdhR may play a role in NO stress resistance and be involved in a regulatory network in P. gingivalis.
Topics: Porphyromonas gingivalis; Nitric Oxide; Hemin; Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases; Gene Expression Profiling
PubMed: 37134265
DOI: 10.1111/omi.12414 -
The Keio Journal of Medicine Sep 2003Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a gram-negative anaerobe, is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, and is found frequently in the subgingival... (Review)
Review
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a gram-negative anaerobe, is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, and is found frequently in the subgingival flora in patients with periodontitis. This organism possesses a variety of virulence factors including lipopolysaccharide, capsular material, fimbriae and proteases (enzymes). Among the P. gingivalis antigens, enzymes such as Arginine-specific gingipains (RgpA, RgpB) and lysine-specific gingipain (Kgp) have been studied for their ability to induce biologically significant antibodies. This review summarizes recent information on the gingipains and their possible application in the development of an anti-P. gingivalis vaccine.
Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Animals; Antigens; Bacteroidaceae Infections; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases; Hemagglutinins; Humans; Phagocytosis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Vaccines; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 14529148
DOI: 10.2302/kjm.52.158 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jun 2023The purposes of this study were to examine the compositional changes in the salivary microbiota according to the severity of periodontal disease and to verify whether...
The purposes of this study were to examine the compositional changes in the salivary microbiota according to the severity of periodontal disease and to verify whether the distribution of specific bacterial species in saliva can distinguish the severity of disease. Saliva samples were collected from 8 periodontally healthy controls, 16 patients with gingivitis, 19 patients with moderate periodontitis, and 29 patients with severe periodontitis. The V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene in the samples were sequenced, and the levels of 9 bacterial species showing significant differences among the groups by sequencing analysis were identified using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The predictive performance of each bacterial species in distinguishing the severity of disease was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Twenty-nine species, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, increased as the severity of disease increased, whereas 6 species, including Rothia denticola, decreased. The relative abundances of P. gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Filifactor alocis, and Prevotella intermedia determined by qPCR were significantly different among the groups. The three bacterial species P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and F. alocis were positively correlated with the sum of the full-mouth probing depth and were moderately accurate at distinguishing the severity of periodontal disease. In conclusion, the salivary microbiota showed gradual compositional changes according to the severity of periodontitis, and the levels of P. gingivalis, , and F. alocis in mouth rinse saliva had the ability to distinguish the severity of periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is one of the most widespread medical conditions and the leading cause of tooth loss, imposing high economic costs and an increasing burden worldwide as life expectancy increases. Changes in the subgingival bacterial community during the progression of periodontal disease can affect the entire oral ecosystem, and bacteria in saliva can reflect the degree of bacterial imbalance in the oral cavity. This study explored whether the specific bacterial species in saliva can distinguish the severity of periodontal disease by analyzing the salivary microbiota and suggested P. gingivalis, , and F. alocis as biomarkers for distinguishing the severity of periodontal disease in saliva.
Topics: Humans; Bacteroides; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Periodontal Diseases; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Periodontitis; Microbiota
PubMed: 37191548
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04327-22